|
Background: |
Ukraine was the center of the
first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th
centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by
internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated
into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of
Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through
subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was
established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the
Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to
remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the
18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the
Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine
was able to bring about a short-lived period of independence (1917-20),
but was reconquered and forced to endure a brutal Soviet rule that
engineered two artificial famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8
million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible
for some 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although final independence for
Ukraine was achieved in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy
remained elusive as the legacy of state control and endemic corruption
stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. A
peaceful mass protest "Orange Revolution" in the closing months of 2004
forced the authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to
allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a
reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. Subsequent internal squabbles in
the YUSHCHENKO camp allowed his rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH to stage a
comeback in parliamentary elections and become prime minister in August of
2006. An early legislative election, brought on by a political crisis in
the spring of 2007, saw Yuliya TYMOSHENKO, as head of an "Orange"
coalition, installed as a new prime minister in December 2007.
|
|
Location: |
Eastern Europe, bordering the
Black Sea, between Poland, Romania, and Moldova in the west and Russia in
the east |
|
Geographic coordinates: |
49 00 N, 32 00 E |
|
Map references: |
Asia, Europe |
|
Area: |
total: 603,700 sq km
land: 603,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km |
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than Texas
|
|
Land boundaries: |
total: 4,663 km
border countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939
km, Poland 526 km, Romania (south) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia
1,576 km, Slovakia 97 km |
|
Coastline: |
2,782 km |
|
Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf:
200-m or to the depth of exploitation |
|
Climate: |
temperate continental;
Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation
disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east
and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther
inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in
the south |
|
Terrain: |
most of Ukraine consists of
fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, mountains being found only in the
west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south
|
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Black Sea
0 m
highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m |
|
Natural resources: |
iron ore, coal, manganese,
natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin,
nickel, mercury, timber, arable land |
|
Land use: |
arable land: 53.8%
permanent crops: 1.5%
other: 44.7% (2005) |
|
Irrigated land: |
22,080 sq km (2003) |
|
Total renewable water resources: |
139.5 cu km (1997) |
|
Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural): |
Total: 37.53 cu km/yr
(12%/35%/52%)
Per capita: 807 cu m/yr (2000) |
|
Natural hazards: |
NA |
|
Environment - current issues: |
inadequate supplies of potable
water; air and water pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in
the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Air Pollution,
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds |
|
Geography - note: |
strategic position at the
crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe
|
|
Population: |
46,299,862 (July 2007 est.)
|
|
Age structure: |
0-14 years: 14% (male
3,334,428/female 3,163,378)
15-64 years: 69.6% (male
15,465,544/female 16,769,495)
65 years and over: 16.3% (male
2,564,512/female 5,002,505) (2007 est.) |
|
Median age: |
total: 39.2 years
male: 36 years
female: 42.3 years (2007 est.) |
|
Population growth rate: |
-0.675% (2007 est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
9.45 births/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Death rate: |
16.07 deaths/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Net migration rate: |
-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2007 est.) |
|
Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.07
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.054 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.922 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.513 male(s)/female
total population: 0.857 male(s)/female
(2007 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
total: 9.5 deaths/1,000
live births
male: 11.75 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 67.88
years
male: 62.16 years
female: 73.96 years (2007
est.) |
|
Total fertility rate: |
1.24 children born/woman (2007
est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
1.4% (2003 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
360,000 (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
20,000 (2003 est.) |
|
Nationality: |
noun: Ukrainian(s)
adjective: Ukrainian |
|
Ethnic groups: |
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%,
Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%,
Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001
census) |
|
Religions: |
Ukrainian Orthodox - Kyiv
Patriarchate 19%, Orthodox (no particular jurisdiction) 16%, Ukrainian
Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate 9%, Ukrainian Greek Catholic 6%, Ukrainian
Autocephalous Orthodox 1.7%, Protestant, Jewish, none 38% (2004 est.)
|
|
Languages: |
Ukrainian (official) 67%,
Russian 24%, other 9% (includes small Romanian-, Polish-, and
Hungarian-speaking minorities) |
|
Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.2% (2001 census)
|
|
Country name: |
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form: Ukraine
local long
form: none
local short form: Ukrayina
former:
Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist
Republic |
|
Government type: |
republic |
|
Capital: |
name: Kyiv (Kiev)
geographic coordinates: 50 26 N, 30 31 E
time
difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March;
ends last Sunday in October |
|
Administrative divisions: |
24 provinces (oblasti, singular
- oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2
municipalities (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkasy,
Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'),
Dnipropetrovs'k, Donets'k, Ivano-Frankivs'k, Kharkiv, Kherson,
Khmel'nyts'kyy, Kirovohrad, Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhans'k, L'viv, Mykolayiv,
Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol'**, Sumy, Ternopil', Vinnytsya, Volyn'
(Luts'k), Zakarpattya (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhya, Zhytomyr
note:
administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative
centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in
parentheses) |
|
Independence: |
24 August 1991 (from the Soviet
Union) |
|
National holiday: |
Independence Day, 24 August
(1991); note - 22 January 1918, the day Ukraine first declared its
independence (from Soviet Russia) and the day the short-lived Western and
Central Ukrainian republics united (1919), is now celebrated as Unity Day
|
|
Constitution: |
adopted 28 June 1996 |
|
Legal system: |
based on civil law system;
judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction |
|
Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
|
|
Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President Viktor A. YUSHCHENKO (since 23 January 2005)
head of
government: Prime Minister Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (since 18 December 2007);
First Deputy Prime Minister Oleksandr TURCHYNOV (since 18 December 2007);
Deputy Prime Ministers Hryhoriy NEMYRYA and Ivan VASYUNYK (since 18
December 2007)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers selected by the
prime minister; the only exceptions are the foreign and defense ministers,
who are chosen by the president
note: there is also a National
Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the
National Security Council; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing
national security policy on domestic and international matters and
advising the president; a Presidential Secretariat helps draft
presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term (eligible for a second term); note - a special repeat runoff
presidential election between Viktor YUSHCHENKO and Viktor YANUKOVYCH took
place on 26 December 2004 after the earlier 21 November 2004 contest - won
by YANUKOVYCH - was invalidated by the Ukrainian Supreme Court because of
widespread and significant violations; under constitutional reforms that
went into effect 1 January 2006, the majority in parliament takes the lead
in naming the prime minister
election results: Viktor
YUSHCHENKO elected president; percent of vote - Viktor YUSHCHENKO 51.99%,
Viktor YANUKOVYCH 44.2% |
|
Legislative branch: |
unicameral Supreme Council or
Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; members allocated on a proportional basis to
those parties that gain 3% or more of the national electoral vote; to
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 30 September 2007
(next to be held in 2012)
election results: percent of vote by
party/bloc - Party of Regions 34.4%, Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc 30.7%, Our
Ukraine-People's Self Defense 14.2%, CPU 5.4%, Lytvyn bloc 4%, other
parties 11.3%; seats by party/bloc - Party of Regions 175, Yuliya
Tymoshenko Bloc 156, Our Ukraine-People's Self Defense 72, CPU 27, Lytvyn
bloc 20 |
|
Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court; Constitutional
Court |
|
Political parties and leaders: |
Communist Party of Ukraine or
CPU [Petro SYMONENKO]; Fatherland Party (Batkivshchyna) [Yuliya
TYMOSHENKO]; Our Ukraine-People's Self Defense [Vyacheslav KYRYLENKO];
Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs [Anatoliy KINAKH]; People's
Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) [Borys TARASYUK]; Lytvyn bloc [Volodymyr
LYTVYN]; PORA! (It's Time!) party [Vladyslav KASKIV]; Progressive
Socialist Party [Natalya VITRENKO]; Reforms and Order Party [Viktor
PYNZENYK]; Party of Regions [Viktor YANUKOVYCH]; Republican Party [Yuriy
BOYKO]; Social Democratic Party (United) or SDPU(o) [Viktor MEDVEDCHUK];
Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ]; Ukrainian People's
Party [Yuriy KOSTENKO]; Viche [Inna BOHUSLOVSKA] |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders: |
Committee of Voters of Ukraine
[Ihor POPOV]; Peoples' Self-Defense [Yuriy LUTSENKO] |
|
International organization participation: |
Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS
(observer), CE, CEI, CIS, EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer),
MIGA, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE,
PCA, PFP, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS,
UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC
|
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Oleh V. SHAMSHUR
chancery: 3350 M Street NW,
Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 333-0606
FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, New York, San Francisco |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador William B. TAYLOR Jr.
embassy: 10 Yurii Kotsiubynsky
Street, 04053 Kyiv
mailing address: 5850 Kiev Place,
Washington, DC 20521-5850
telephone: [380] (44) 490-4000
FAX: [380] (44) 490-4085 |
|
Flag description: |
two equal horizontal bands of
azure (top) and golden yellow represent grain fields under a blue sky
|
|
Economy - overview: |
After Russia, the Ukrainian
republic was far and away the most important economic component of the
former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the
next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than
one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided
substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other
republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique
equipment (for example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to
industrial and mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions
of the former USSR. Shortly after independence was ratified in December
1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal
framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within
the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to
some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991
level. Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of
significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable
to external shocks. Ukraine depends on imports to meet about three-fourths
of its annual oil and natural gas requirements. A dispute with Russia over
pricing in late 2005 and early 2006 led to a temporary gas cut-off;
Ukraine concluded a deal with Russia in January 2006 that almost doubled
the price Ukraine pays for Russian gas. Outside institutions -
particularly the IMF - have encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and
scope of reforms. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and
customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law, bringing more economic
activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy, but more improvements are
needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, and
improving the legislative framework. Ukraine's economy remains buoyant
despite political turmoil between the Prime Minister and President. Real
GDP growth reached about 7% in 2006-07, fueled by high global prices for
steel - Ukraine's top export - and by strong domestic consumption, spurred
by rising pensions and wages. Although the economy is likely to expand in
2008, long-term growth could be threatened by the government's plans to
reinstate tax, trade, and customs privileges and to maintain restrictive
grain export quotas. |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$321.3 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate): |
$90.1 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
6.9% (2007 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$6,900 (2007 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 9.2%
industry: 32.6%
services: 58.2% (2007 est.) |
|
Labor force: |
21.63 million (2007 est.)
|
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture: 25%
industry: 20%
services: 55% (1996) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
2.5% officially registered;
large number of unregistered or underemployed workers; the International
Labor Organization calculates that Ukraine's real unemployment level is
nearly 7% (2007 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
37.7% (2003) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 3.4%
highest 10%: 25.7% (2006) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
31 (2006) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
11.3% (2007 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed): |
22.6% of GDP (2007 est.) |
|
Budget: |
revenues: $44.63 billion
expenditures: $46.98 billion; note - this is the planned,
consolidated budget (2007 est.) |
|
Public debt: |
12.4% of GDP (2007 est.) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
grain, sugar beets, sunflower
seeds, vegetables; beef, milk |
|
Industries: |
coal, electric power, ferrous
and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food
processing (especially sugar) |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
6% (2007 est.) |
|
Electricity - production: |
192.1 billion kWh (2006) |
|
Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 48.6%
hydro: 7.9%
nuclear: 43.5%
other: 0%
(2001) |
|
Electricity - consumption: |
181.9 billion kWh (2006) |
|
Electricity - exports: |
10.07 billion kWh (2005) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
20 billion kWh (2006) |
|
Oil - production: |
90,400 bbl/day (2006) |
|
Oil - consumption: |
284,600 bbl/day (2006) |
|
Oil - exports: |
214,600 bbl/day (2004) |
|
Oil - imports: |
469,600 bbl/day (2004) |
|
Oil - proved reserves: |
395 million bbl (1 January 2006
est.) |
|
Natural gas - production: |
20.85 billion cu m (2006 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption: |
73.94 billion cu m (2006 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports: |
4 billion cu m (2006 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - imports: |
57.09 billion cu m (2006 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - proved reserves: |
1.075 trillion cu m (1 January
2006 est.) |
|
Current account balance: |
$-3.89 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports: |
$46.68 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports - commodities: |
ferrous and nonferrous metals,
fuel and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment,
food products |
|
Exports - partners: |
Russia 21.4%, Turkey 7.1%,
Italy 6.4%, US 4.1% (2006) |
|
Imports: |
$54.3 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Imports - commodities: |
energy, machinery and
equipment, chemicals |
|
Imports - partners: |
Russia 28.2%, Germany 11.7%,
Poland 7.6%, China 7%, Turkmenistan 5.7% (2006) |
|
Economic aid - recipient: |
$409.6 million (1995); IMF
Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (2005) |
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$28.52 billion (31 December
2007 est.) |
|
Debt - external: |
$65.38 billion (30 June 2007)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |
$21.19 billion (2006 est.)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |
$222 million (2006 est.) |
|
Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$42.87 billion (2006) |
|
Currency (code): |
hryvnia (UAH) |
|
Currency code: |
UAH |
|
Exchange rates: |
hryvnia per US dollar - 5.05
(2007), 5.05 (2006), 5.1247 (2005), 5.3192 (2004), 5.3327 (2003) |
|
Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
12.341 million (2006) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
49.076 million (2006) |
|
Telephone system: |
general assessment:
Ukraine's telecommunication development plan, running through 2005,
emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines, international connections, and
the mobile cellular system
domestic: at independence in
December 1991, Ukraine inherited a telephone system that was antiquated,
inefficient, and in disrepair; more than 3.5 million applications for
telephones could not be satisfied; telephone density is rising and the
domestic trunk system is being improved; about one-third of Ukraine's
networks are digital and a majority of regional centers now have digital
switching stations; improvements in local networks and local exchanges
continue to lag; the mobile cellular telephone system is expanding rapidly
international: country code - 380; 2 new domestic trunk lines
are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and 3
Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European
Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries; additional international
service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic
submarine cable and by earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and
Intersputnik satellite systems |
|
Radio broadcast stations: |
524 (station types NA) (2006)
|
|
Radios: |
45.05 million (1997) |
|
Television broadcast stations: |
647 (2006) |
|
Televisions: |
18.05 million (1997) |
|
Internet country code: |
.ua |
|
Internet hosts: |
234,349 (2007) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
260 (2001) |
|
Internet users: |
5.545 million (2006)
|
|
Airports: |
437 (2007) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 193
over
3,047 m: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 53
1,524 to 2,437
m: 27
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 95 (2007)
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 244
2,438
to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 11
914 to 1,523
m: 13
under 914 m: 217 (2007) |
|
Heliports: |
10 (2007) |
|
Pipelines: |
gas 33,721 km; oil 4,514 km;
refined products 4,211 km (2007) |
|
Railways: |
total: 22,473 km
broad gauge: 22,473 km 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified)
(2006) |
|
Roadways: |
total: 169,477 km
paved: 164,732 km (includes 15 km of expressways)
unpaved: 4,745 km (2004) |
|
Waterways: |
2,253 km (most on Dnieper
River) (2006) |
|
Merchant marine: |
total: 193 ships (1000
GRT or over) 763,293 GRT/899,859 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 6,
cargo 145, container 3, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker
9, refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 7, specialized tanker 2
registered in other countries: 194 (Belize 10, Cambodia 27,
Comoros 13, Cyprus 6, Dominica 3, Georgia 24, Liberia 24, Malta 28,
Moldova 3, Mongolia 3, Panama 8, Russia 10, Sierra Leone 8, Slovakia 10,
St Kitts and Nevis 5, St Vincent and The Grenadines 12, unknown 3) (2007)
|
|
Ports and terminals: |
Feodosiya, Kerch, Kherson,
Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Yuzhnyy |
|
Military branches: |
Ground Forces, Naval Forces,
Air Forces (Viyskovo-Povitryani Syly), Air Defense Forces (2002) |
|
Military service age and obligation: |
18-25 years of age for
compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation -
18 months for Army and Air Force, 24 months for Navy (2004) |
|
Manpower available for military service: |
males age 18-49:
11,020,222
females age 18-49: 11,370,687 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 18-49:
7,376,050
females age 18-49: 9,313,385 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower reaching military service age annually: |
males age 18-49: 382,751
females age 18-49: 365,599 (2005 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.4% (2005 est.)
|
|
Disputes - international: |
1997 boundary delimitation
treaty with Belarus remains un-ratified due to unresolved financial
claims, stalling demarcation and reducing border security; delimitation of
land boundary with Russia is complete with preparations for demarcation
underway; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through
the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December
2003 framework agreement and ongoing expert-level discussions; Moldova and
Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor transit of people and
commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria Region, which
remains under OSCE supervision; the ICJ gave Ukraine until December 2006
to reply, and Romania until June 2007 to rejoin, in their dispute
submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake)
Island and Black Sea maritime boundary; Romania opposes Ukraine's
reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to
the Black Sea |
|
Illicit drugs: |
limited cultivation of cannabis
and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; some synthetic drug
production for export to the West; limited government eradication program;
used as transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from
Africa, Latin America, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has
improved anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the
Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and
Territories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-laundering regime
continues to be monitored by FATF |
This page was last updated on 12 February, 2008
|