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Background: |
Shortly after achieving
independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar
merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came to an
end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since
the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition have
led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won
despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities.
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Location: |
Eastern Africa, bordering the
Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique |
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Geographic coordinates: |
6 00 S, 35 00 E |
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Map references: |
Africa |
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Area: |
total: 945,087 sq km
land: 886,037 sq km
water: 59,050 sq km
note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar |
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Area - comparative: |
slightly larger than twice the
size of California |
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Land boundaries: |
total: 3,861 km
border countries: Burundi 451 km, Democratic Republic of the
Congo 459 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217
km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km |
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Coastline: |
1,424 km |
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Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm |
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Climate: |
varies from tropical along
coast to temperate in highlands |
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Terrain: |
plains along coast; central
plateau; highlands in north, south |
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Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Indian
Ocean 0 m
highest point: Kilimanjaro 5,895 m |
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Natural resources: |
hydropower, tin, phosphates,
iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel |
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Land use: |
arable land: 4.23%
permanent crops: 1.16%
other: 94.61% (2005) |
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Irrigated land: |
1,840 sq km (2003) |
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Total renewable water resources: |
91 cu km (2001) |
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Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural): |
Total: 5.18 cu km/yr
(10%/0%/89%)
Per capita: 135 cu m/yr (2000) |
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Natural hazards: |
flooding on the central plateau
during the rainy season; drought |
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Environment - current issues: |
soil degradation;
deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens
marine habitats; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife
threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory |
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Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements |
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Geography - note: |
Kilimanjaro is highest point in
Africa; bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake
Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake
Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa in the
southwest |
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Population: |
39,384,223
note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of
excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy,
higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth
rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than
would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.) |
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Age structure: |
0-14 years: 43.9% (male
8,666,227/female 8,624,387)
15-64 years: 53.3% (male
10,330,727/female 10,649,507)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male
491,252/female 622,123) (2007 est.) |
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Median age: |
total: 17.7 years
male: 17.4 years
female: 17.9 years (2007 est.)
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Population growth rate: |
2.091% (2007 est.) |
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Birth rate: |
35.95 births/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
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Death rate: |
13.36 deaths/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
-1.68 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2007 est.) |
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Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.03
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.005 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2007
est.) |
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Infant mortality rate: |
total: 71.69
deaths/1,000 live births
male: 78.84 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 64.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 50.71
years
male: 49.41 years
female: 52.04 years (2007
est.) |
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Total fertility rate: |
4.77 children born/woman (2007
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
8.8% (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
1.6 million (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
160,000 (2003 est.) |
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Major infectious diseases: |
degree of risk: very
high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis
A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, Rift Valley
fever and plague are high risks in some locations
water contact
disease: schistosomiasis (2007) |
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Nationality: |
noun: Tanzanian(s)
adjective: Tanzanian |
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Ethnic groups: |
mainland - African 99% (of
which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1%
(consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed
Arab and African |
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Religions: |
mainland - Christian 30%,
Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 35%; Zanzibar - more than 99% Muslim |
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Languages: |
Kiswahili or Swahili
(official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official,
primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education),
Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages
note:
Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in
Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in
structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources
including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central
and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local
languages |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write Kiswahili (Swahili), English, or Arabic
total population: 69.4%
male: 77.5%
female: 62.2% (2002 census) |
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Country name: |
conventional long form:
United Republic of Tanzania
conventional short form: Tanzania
local long form: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania
local
short form: Tanzania
former: United Republic of Tanganyika
and Zanzibar |
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Government type: |
republic |
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Capital: |
name: Dar es Salaam
geographic coordinates: 6 48 S, 39 17 E
time
difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
note: legislative offices have been transferred to
Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital; the National
Assembly now meets there on a regular basis |
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Administrative divisions: |
26 regions; Arusha, Dar es
Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kagera, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Manyara, Mara,
Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa,
Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South,
Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West |
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Independence: |
26 April 1964; Tanganyika
became independent 9 December 1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship);
Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united
with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and
Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964 |
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National holiday: |
Union Day (Tanganyika and
Zanzibar), 26 April (1964) |
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Constitution: |
25 April 1977; major revisions
October 1984 |
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Legal system: |
based on English common law;
judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December 2005); Vice President Dr. Ali
Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001); note - the president is both chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President
Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December 2005); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed
SHEIN (since 5 July 2001)
note: Zanzibar elects a president who
is head of government for matters internal to Zanzibar; Amani Abeid KARUME
was reelected to that office on 30 October 2005
cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National
Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the
same ballot by popular vote for five-year terms (eligible for a second
term); election last held 14 December 2005 (next to be held in December
2010); prime minister appointed by the president
election
results: Jakaya KIKWETE elected president; percent of vote - Jakaya
KIKWETE 80.3%, Ibrahim LIPUMBA 11.7%, Freeman MBOWE 5.9% |
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Legislative branch: |
unicameral National Assembly or
Bunge (274 seats; 232 members elected by popular vote, 37 allocated to
women nominated by the president, 5 to members of the Zanzibar House of
Representatives; to serve five-year terms); note - in addition to enacting
laws that apply to the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the Assembly
enacts laws that apply only to the mainland; Zanzibar has its own House of
Representatives to make laws especially for Zanzibar (the Zanzibar House
of Representatives has 50 seats elected by universal suffrage to serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 14 December 2005 (next to
be held in December 2010)
election results: National Assembly -
percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 206, CUF 19, CHADEMA
5, other 2, women appointed by the president 37, Zanzibar representatives
5 Zanzibar House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats
by party - CCM 30, CUF 19; 1 seat was nullified with a rerun to take place
soon |
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Judicial branch: |
Permanent Commission of Enquiry
(official ombudsman); Court of Appeal (consists of a chief justice and
four judges); High Court (consists of a Jaji Kiongozi and 29 judges
appointed by the president; holds regular sessions in all regions);
District Courts; Primary Courts (limited jurisdiction and appeals can be
made to the higher courts) |
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Political parties and leaders: |
Chama Cha Demokrasia na
Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and Development) or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI];
Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party) [Jakaya Mrisho KIKWETE];
Civic United Front or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]; Democratic Party [Christopher
MTIKLA] (unregistered); Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine Lyatonga
MREME]; United Democratic Party or UDP [John CHEYO] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
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International organization participation: |
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EAC, EADB,
FAO, G-6, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,
NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Ombeni Yohana SEFUE
chancery: 2139 R Street NW,
Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-6125
FAX: [1] (202) 797-7408 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Mark GREEN
embassy: 140 Msese Road, Kinondoni
District, Dar es Salaam
mailing address: P. O. Box 9123, Dar es
Salaam
telephone: [255] (22) 2666-010 through 2666-015
FAX: [255] (22) 2666-701, 2668-501 |
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Flag description: |
divided diagonally by a
yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper
triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue
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Economy - overview: |
Tanzania is one of the poorest
countries in the world. The economy depends heavily on agriculture, which
accounts for more than 40% of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs
80% of the work force. Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit
cultivated crops to only 4% of the land area. Industry traditionally
featured the processing of agricultural products and light consumer goods.
The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to
rehabilitate Tanzania's out-of-date economic infrastructure and to
alleviate poverty. Long-term growth through 2005 featured a pickup in
industrial production and a substantial increase in output of minerals led
by gold. Recent banking reforms have helped increase private-sector growth
and investment. Continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic
policies supported real GDP growth of nearly 7% in 2007. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$43.49 billion (2007 est.)
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GDP (official exchange rate): |
$14.42 billion (2007 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate: |
6.9% (2007 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$1,100 (2007 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 42.8%
industry: 18.4%
services: 38.7% (2007 est.) |
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Labor force: |
19.69 million (2007 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture: 80%
industry and services: 20% (2002 est.) |
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Unemployment rate: |
NA% |
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Population below poverty line: |
36% (2002 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 26.9% (2000) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
34.6 (2000) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
7% (2007 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed): |
18.4% of GDP (2007 est.) |
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Budget: |
revenues: $3.124 billion
expenditures: $3.549 billion (2007 est.) |
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Public debt: |
23.6% of GDP (2007 est.) |
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Agriculture - products: |
coffee, sisal, tea, cotton,
pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashew nuts, tobacco,
cloves, corn, wheat, cassava (tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables;
cattle, sheep, goats |
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Industries: |
agricultural processing (sugar,
beer, cigarettes, sisal twine); diamond, gold, and iron mining, salt, soda
ash; cement, oil refining, shoes, apparel, wood products, fertilizer
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Industrial production growth rate: |
8.2% (2007 est.) |
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Electricity - production: |
1.88 billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 18.9%
hydro: 81.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption: |
1.199 billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - exports: |
0 kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - imports: |
136 million kWh (2005) |
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Oil - production: |
0 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - consumption: |
25,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
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Oil - exports: |
0 bbl/day (2004) |
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Oil - imports: |
24,800 bbl/day (2004) |
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Oil - proved reserves: |
0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
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Natural gas - production: |
0 cu m (2005 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption: |
0 cu m (2005 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2005 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports: |
0 cu m (2005) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves: |
21.73 billion cu m (1 January
2006 est.) |
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Current account balance: |
$-1.422 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports: |
$2.119 billion f.o.b. (2007
est.) |
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Exports - commodities: |
gold, coffee, cashew nuts,
manufactures, cotton |
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Exports - partners: |
China 8.8%, India 8.8%,
Netherlands 6.2%, Japan 5.3%, UAE 4.2%, Germany 4.2% (2006) |
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Imports: |
$4.591 billion f.o.b. (2007
est.) |
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Imports - commodities: |
consumer goods, machinery and
transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil |
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Imports - partners: |
South Africa 9.8%, China 9.4%,
Kenya 7.8%, India 6.8%, UAE 5.9%, Zambia 5.7% (2006) |
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Economic aid - recipient: |
$1.505 billion (2005) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$2.441 billion (31 December
2007 est.) |
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Debt - external: |
$4.984 billion (31 December
2007 est.) |
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |
$NA |
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |
$NA |
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Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$587.9 million (2005) |
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Currency (code): |
Tanzanian shilling (TZS) |
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Currency code: |
TZS |
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Exchange rates: |
Tanzanian shillings per US
dollar - 1,255 (2007), 1,251.9 (2006), 1,128.93 (2005), 1,089.33 (2004),
1,038.42 (2003) |
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Fiscal year: |
1 July - 30 June
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Telephones - main lines in use: |
169,135 (2007) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular: |
6.72 million (2007) |
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Telephone system: |
general assessment:
telecommunications services are inadequate; system operating below
capacity and being modernized for better service; small aperture terminal
(VSAT) system under construction
domestic: fixed-line telephone
network inadequate with less than 1 connection per 100 persons;
mobile-cellular service, aided by multiple providers, is increasing; trunk
service provided by open-wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric
scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital
international: country code - 255; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean) |
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Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 12, FM 11, shortwave 2
(1998) |
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Radios: |
8.8 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations: |
3 (1999) |
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Televisions: |
103,000 (1997) |
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Internet country code: |
.tz |
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Internet hosts: |
20,757 (2007) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
6 (2000) |
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Internet users: |
384,300 (2005) |
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Airports: |
124 (2007) |
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Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 10
over
3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m:
5
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2007) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 114
1,524
to 2,437 m: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 63
under 914 m:
34 (2007) |
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Pipelines: |
gas 287 km; oil 891 km (2007)
|
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Railways: |
total: 3,690 km
narrow gauge: 969 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,721 km 1.000-m gauge
(2006) |
|
Roadways: |
total: 78,891 km
paved: 6,808 km
unpaved: 72,083 km (2003) |
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Waterways: |
Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria,
and Lake Nyasa principal avenues of commerce with neighboring countries;
rivers not navigable (2005) |
|
Merchant marine: |
total: 9 ships (1000 GRT
or over) 24,801 GRT/31,507 DWT
by type: cargo 1,
passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 4
registered in other
countries: 2 (Honduras 1, St Kitts and Nevis 1) (2007) |
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Ports and terminals: |
Dar es Salaam |
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Military branches: |
Tanzanian People's Defense
Force (Jeshi la Wananchi la Tanzania, JWTZ): Army, Naval Wing (includes
Coast Guard), Air Defense Command (includes Air Wing), National Service
(2007) |
|
Military service age and obligation: |
18 years of age for voluntary
military service (2007) |
|
Manpower available for military service: |
males age 18-49:
7,422,869 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 18-49:
3,879,630 (2005 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
0.2% (2005 est.)
|
|
Disputes - international: |
Tanzania still hosts more than
a half-million refugees, more than any other African country, mainly from
Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, despite the
international community's efforts at repatriation; disputes with Malawi
over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe
River remain dormant |
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons: |
refugees (country of
origin): 393,611 (Burundi), 150,112 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
(2006) |
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Illicit drugs: |
growing role in transshipment
of Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine
destined for South African, European, and US markets and of South Asian
methaqualone bound for southern Africa; money laundering remains a problem
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This page was last updated on 12 February, 2008
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