|
Background: |
The Indus Valley civilization,
one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years,
spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second
millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating
Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent
centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam),
Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal (Mongol) Empire flourished in the 16th and
17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th
century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of
Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never
satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in
1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war
between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on
Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted
in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response
to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in
1998. The dispute over the state of Kashmir is ongoing, but discussions
and confidence-building measures have led to decreased tensions since
2002. |
|
Location: |
Southern Asia, bordering the
Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the
west and China in the north |
|
Geographic coordinates: |
30 00 N, 70 00 E |
|
Map references: |
Asia |
|
Area: |
total: 803,940 sq km
land: 778,720 sq km
water: 25,220 sq km |
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly less than twice the
size of California |
|
Land boundaries: |
total: 6,774 km
border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India
2,912 km, Iran 909 km |
|
Coastline: |
1,046 km |
|
Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200
nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental
margin |
|
Climate: |
mostly hot, dry desert;
temperate in northwest; arctic in north |
|
Terrain: |
flat Indus plain in east;
mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west |
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Indian
Ocean 0 m
highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m |
|
Natural resources: |
land, extensive natural gas
reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt,
limestone |
|
Land use: |
arable land: 24.44%
permanent crops: 0.84%
other: 74.72% (2005) |
|
Irrigated land: |
182,300 sq km (2003) |
|
Total renewable water resources: |
233.8 cu km (2003) |
|
Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural): |
Total: 169.39 cu km/yr
(2%/2%/96%)
Per capita: 1,072 cu m/yr (2000) |
|
Natural hazards: |
frequent earthquakes,
occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus
after heavy rains (July and August) |
|
Environment - current issues: |
water pollution from raw
sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh
water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to
potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation |
|
Geography - note: |
controls Khyber Pass and Bolan
Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian
Subcontinent |
|
Population: |
164,741,924 (July 2007 est.)
|
|
Age structure: |
0-14 years: 36.9% (male
31,264,576/female 29,507,174)
15-64 years: 58.8% (male
49,592,033/female 47,327,161)
65 years and over: 4.3% (male
3,342,650/female 3,708,330) (2007 est.) |
|
Median age: |
total: 20.9 years
male: 20.7 years
female: 21 years (2007 est.) |
|
Population growth rate: |
1.828% (2007 est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
27.52 births/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Death rate: |
8 deaths/1,000 population (2007
est.) |
|
Net migration rate: |
-1.24 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2007 est.) |
|
Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64
years: 1.048 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.901
male(s)/female
total population: 1.045 male(s)/female (2007
est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
total: 68.84
deaths/1,000 live births
male: 68.94 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 68.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 63.75
years
male: 62.73 years
female: 64.83 years (2007
est.) |
|
Total fertility rate: |
3.71 children born/woman (2007
est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.1% (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
74,000 (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
4,900 (2003 est.) |
|
Major infectious diseases: |
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A
and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever,
malaria, and cutaneous leishmaniasis are high risks depending on location
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly
pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified among birds in this
country or surrounding region; it poses a negligible risk with extremely
rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds
(2007) |
|
Nationality: |
noun: Pakistani(s)
adjective: Pakistani |
|
Ethnic groups: |
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun
(Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India at the time of partition
and their descendants) |
|
Religions: |
Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a
20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3% |
|
Languages: |
Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%,
Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi
3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani
elite and most government ministries), Burushaski and other 8% |
|
Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 49.9%
male: 63%
female: 36% (2005 est.) |
|
Country name: |
conventional long form:
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
conventional short form: Pakistan
local long form: Jamhuryat Islami Pakistan
local short
form: Pakistan
former: West Pakistan |
|
Government type: |
federal republic |
|
Capital: |
name: Islamabad
geographic coordinates: 33 42 N, 73 10 E
time
difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard
Time) |
|
Administrative divisions: |
4 provinces, 1 territory*, and
1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*,
Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh
note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu
and Kashmir region consists of two administrative entities: Azad Kashmir
and Northern Areas |
|
Independence: |
14 August 1947 (from UK) |
|
National holiday: |
Republic Day, 23 March (1956)
|
|
Constitution: |
12 April 1973; suspended 5 July
1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October
1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003; suspended 3
November 2007; restored with amendments on 15 December 2007 |
|
Legal system: |
based on English common law
with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations |
|
Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal;
joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and
non-Muslims |
|
Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 20 June 2001)
note: following
an October 1999 military coup, General Pervez MUSHARRAF suspended
Pakistan's constitution and assumed the additional title of Chief
Executive; in May 2000, Pakistan's Supreme Court validated the 1999 coup
and granted MUSHARRAF executive and legislative authority for three years
following the coup; in June 2001, MUSHARRAF named himself president,
replacing Mohammad Rafiq TARAR; an April 2002 referendum extended
MUSHARRAF's presidency by five years
head of government: Prime
Minister Mohammedmian SOOMRO (since 16 November 2007)
cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: the
president is elected by secret ballot (1,170 votes total) through an
Electoral College comprising the members of the Senate, National Assembly,
and the provincial assemblies for a five-year term; the prime minister is
selected by the National Assembly
election results: MUSHARRAF
reelected on 6 October 2007 (next election to be held in October 2012);
MUSHARRAF 671 votes; Wajihuddin AHMED 8 votes; 6 votes invalid; AZIZ
elected Prime Minister by the National Assembly on 27 August 2004 |
|
Legislative branch: |
bicameral Parliament or
Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (100 seats; members indirectly
elected by provincial assemblies and the territories' representatives in
the National Assembly to serve six-year terms; one half are elected every
three years) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 members elected by
popular vote; 60 seats reserved for women; 10 seats reserved for
non-Muslims; to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last
held in March 2006 (next to be held in March 2009); National Assembly -
last held 10 October 2002 (next to be held in February 2008)
election results: Senate results - percent of vote by party -
NA; seats by party - PML 39, MMA 18, PPPP 9, MQM 6, PML/N 4, PkMAP 3,
PPP/S 3, ANP 2, BNP/A 1, BNP/M 1, JWP 1, PML/F 1, independents 12;
National Assembly results - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party
- PML/Q 126, PPPP 81, MMA 63, PML/N 19, MQM 17, NA 16, PML/F 5, PML/J 3,
PPP/S 2, BNP/A 1, JWP 1, PAT 1, PkMAP 1, PML/Z 1, PTI 1, independents 4
|
|
Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court (justices
appointed by the president); Federal Islamic or Shari'a Court |
|
Political parties and leaders: |
Awami National Party or ANP
[Asfandyar Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National Party/Hayee Group or BNP/H
[Dr. Hayee BALUCH]; Baluch National Party/Awami or BNP/A [Moheem Khan
BALOCH]; Baluch National Party-Mengal or BNP/M [Sardar Ataullah MENGAL];
Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR];
Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur
Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami ul-HAQ
faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan or JUP [Shah
Faridul HAQ]; Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal or MMA [Qazi Hussain AHMED];
Muttahida Qaumi Movement, or MQM [Altaf HUSSAIN]; National Alliance or NA
[Ghulam Mustapha JATOI] (merged with PML); Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party
or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]; Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul
QADRI]; Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO];
Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF];
Pakistan Muslim League or PML [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]; note - as of May
2004, the PML/Q changed its name to PML and absorbed the PML/J, PML/Z, and
NA; Pakistan People's Party or PPP/S [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]; Pakistan
People's Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Bilawal Bhutto ZARDARI, chairman;
Asif Ali ZARDANI, co-chairman]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran
KHAN]; Tehrik-i-Islami [Allama Sajid NAQVI]
note: political
alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders: |
military remains most important
political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small
merchants also influential |
|
International organization participation: |
ADB, ARF, C (reinstated 2004),
CP, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO,
ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW,
PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Mahmud Ali DURRANI
chancery: 3517 International
Court, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 243-6500
FAX: [1] (202) 686-1544
consulate(s) general:
Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Sunnyvale (California)
|
|
Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Anne W. PATTERSON
embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna
5, Islamabad
mailing address: P. O. Box 1048, Unit 62200, APO
AE 09812-2200
telephone: [92] (51) 208-0000
FAX:
[92] (51) 2276427
consulate(s) general: Karachi
consulate(s): Lahore, Peshawar |
|
Flag description: |
green with a vertical white
band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a
large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the
crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
|
|
Economy - overview: |
Pakistan, an impoverished and
underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political
disputes, low levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing
confrontation with neighboring India. However, IMF-approved government
policies, bolstered by generous foreign assistance and renewed access to
global markets since 2001, have generated solid macroeconomic recovery the
last five years. The government has made substantial macroeconomic reforms
since 2000, most notably privatizing the banking sector. Poverty levels
have decreased by 10% since 2001, and Islamabad has steadily raised
development spending in recent years, including a 52% real increase in the
budget allocation for development in FY07, a necessary step toward
reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector. The fiscal
deficit - the result of chronically low tax collection and increased
spending, including reconstruction costs from the October 2005 earthquake
- appears manageable for now. GDP growth, spurred by gains in the
industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6-8% range in 2004-07.
Inflation remains the biggest threat to the economy, jumping to more than
9% in 2005 before easing to 6.9% in 2007. The central bank is pursuing
tighter monetary policy while trying to preserve growth. Foreign exchange
reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current
account deficit - driven by a widening trade gap as import growth
outstrips export expansion - could draw down reserves and dampen GDP
growth in the medium term. |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$446.1 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate): |
$106.3 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
6.3% (2007 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$2,600 (2007 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 19.6%
industry: 26.8%
services: 53.7% (2007 est.) |
|
Labor force: |
49.18 million
note:
extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child
labor (2007 est.) |
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture: 42%
industry: 20%
services: 38% (2004 est.) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
7.5% plus substantial
underemployment (2007 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
24% (FY05/06 est.) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 26.3% (2002) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
30.6 (2002) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
6.9% (2007 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed): |
21.4% of GDP (2007 est.) |
|
Budget: |
revenues: $23.17 billion
expenditures: $29.74 billion (2007 est.) |
|
Public debt: |
53.8% of GDP (2007 est.) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane,
fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs |
|
Industries: |
textiles and apparel, food
processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products,
fertilizer, shrimp |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
6.8% (2007 est.) |
|
Electricity - production: |
89.82 billion kWh (2005) |
|
Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 68.8%
hydro: 28.2%
nuclear: 3%
other: 0% (2001)
|
|
Electricity - consumption: |
67.06 billion kWh (2005) |
|
Electricity - exports: |
0 kWh (2005) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
0 kWh (2005) |
|
Oil - production: |
68,220 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|
|
Oil - consumption: |
345,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|
|
Oil - exports: |
23,230 bbl/day (2004) |
|
Oil - imports: |
278,900 bbl/day (2004) |
|
Oil - proved reserves: |
289.2 million bbl (1 January
2006 est.) |
|
Natural gas - production: |
29.54 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption: |
29.54 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2005 est.) |
|
Natural gas - imports: |
0 cu m (2005) |
|
Natural gas - proved reserves: |
764.6 billion cu m (1 January
2006 est.) |
|
Current account balance: |
$-6.477 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports: |
$20.58 billion f.o.b. (2007
est.) |
|
Exports - commodities: |
textiles (garments, bed linen,
cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals,
manufactures, carpets and rugs |
|
Exports - partners: |
US 21%, UAE 9%, Afghanistan
7.7%, China 5.3%, UK 5.1% (2006) |
|
Imports: |
$30.99 billion f.o.b. (2007
est.) |
|
Imports - commodities: |
petroleum, petroleum products,
machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and
paperboard, iron and steel, tea |
|
Imports - partners: |
China 13.8%, Saudi Arabia
10.5%, UAE 9.7%, US 6.5%, Japan 5.7%, Kuwait 4.7%, Germany 4.1% (2006)
|
|
Economic aid - recipient: |
$1.666 billion (2005) |
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$16.03 billion (31 December
2007 est.) |
|
Debt - external: |
$40.32 billion (31 December
2007 est.) |
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |
$14.67 billion (2006 est.)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |
$885 million (2006 est.) |
|
Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$45.52 billion (2006) |
|
Currency (code): |
Pakistani rupee (PKR) |
|
Currency code: |
PKR |
|
Exchange rates: |
Pakistani rupees per US dollar
- 60.6295 (2007), 60.35 (2006), 59.515 (2005), 58.258 (2004), 57.752
(2003) |
|
Fiscal year: |
1 July - 30 June
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
5.24 million (2006) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
63.16 million (2007) |
|
Telephone system: |
general assessment: the
telecom infrastructure is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic
investments into fixed-line and mobile networks; mobile cellular
subscribership has skyrocketed, reaching some 63 million in mid-2007, up
from only about 300,000 in 2000; fiber systems are being constructed
throughout the country to aid in network growth; main line availability
has risen only marginally over the same period and there are still
difficulties getting main line service to rural areas
domestic:
microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and
satellite networks
international: country code - 92; landing
point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable systems that
provide links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth
stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational
international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad);
microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2006) |
|
Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 31, FM 68, shortwave NA
(2006) |
|
Radios: |
13.5 million (1997) |
|
Television broadcast stations: |
20 (5 state-run channels and 15
privately-owned satellite channels) (2006) |
|
Televisions: |
3.1 million (1997) |
|
Internet country code: |
.pk |
|
Internet hosts: |
164,067 (2007) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
30 (2000) |
|
Internet users: |
12 million (2006)
|
|
Airports: |
146 (2007) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 92
over
3,047 m: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 19
1,524 to 2,437
m: 29
914 to 1,523 m: 18
under 914 m: 10 (2007)
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 54
2,438
to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523
m: 13
under 914 m: 24 (2007) |
|
Heliports: |
18 (2007) |
|
Pipelines: |
gas 10,398 km; oil 2,076 km
(2007) |
|
Railways: |
total: 8,163 km
broad gauge: 7,718 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 445 km 1.000-m gauge (2006) |
|
Roadways: |
total: 258,340 km
paved: 167,146 km (includes 711 km of expressways)
unpaved: 91,194 km (2004) |
|
Merchant marine: |
total: 14 ships (1000
GRT or over) 325,254 GRT/536,876 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 1,
cargo 10, petroleum tanker 3
registered in other countries: 12
(Comoros 2, Hong Kong 1, North Korea 1, Malta 2, Panama 5, St Vincent and
The Grenadines 1) (2007) |
|
Ports and terminals: |
Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin
Qasim |
|
Military branches: |
Army (includes National Guard),
Navy (includes Marines and Maritime Security Agency), Pakistan Air Force
(Pakistan Fiza'ya) (2007) |
|
Military service age and obligation: |
16 years of age for voluntary
military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age of 18;
the Pakistani Air Force and Pakistani Navy have inducted their first
female pilots and sailors (2006) |
|
Manpower available for military service: |
males age 16-49:
39,028,014
females age 16-49: 36,779,584 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 16-49:
29,428,747
females age 16-49: 28,391,887 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower reaching military service age annually: |
males age 18-49:
1,969,055
females age 16-49: 1,849,254 (2005 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
3.2% (2006; 3% 2007 est.)
|
|
Disputes - international: |
various talks and
confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over
Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region;
Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most
militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto
administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in
India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers
since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir
lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained their 2004
cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed
stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing
the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar
Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger
dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse
tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and
Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek
estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani
maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; by
2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, repatriated 2.3 million Afghan
refugees leaving slightly more than a million, many of whom remain at
their own choosing; Pakistan has proposed and Afghanistan protests
construction of a fence and laying of mines along portions of their porous
border; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal areas to monitor and
control the border with Afghanistan and to stem terrorist or other illegal
activities |
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons: |
refugees (country of
origin): 1,084,208 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: undetermined
(government strikes on Islamic militants in South Waziristan), 34,000
(October 2005 earthquake; most of those displaced returned to their home
villages in the spring of 2006) (2006) |
|
Illicit drugs: |
opium poppy cultivation
estimated to be 800 hectares in 2005 yielding a potential production of 4
metric tons of pure heroin; federal and provincial authorities continue to
conduct anti-poppy campaigns that force eradication - fines and arrests
will take place if the ban on poppy cultivation is not observed; key
transit point for Afghan drugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and
hashish, bound for Western markets, the Gulf States, and Africa; financial
crimes related to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling
remain problems |
This page was last updated on 12 February, 2008
|