|
Background: |
Two centuries of Viking raids
into Europe tapered off following the adoption of Christianity by King
Olav TRYGGVASON in 994. Conversion of the Norwegian kingdom occurred over
the next several decades. In 1397, Norway was absorbed into a union with
Denmark that lasted more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted
the cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a new constitution.
Sweden then invaded Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its constitution
in return for accepting the union under a Swedish king. Rising nationalism
throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway
independence. Although Norway remained neutral in World War I, it suffered
heavy losses to its shipping. Norway proclaimed its neutrality at the
outset of World War II, but was nonetheless occupied for five years by
Nazi Germany (1940-45). In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway
became a member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in
the late 1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes. The current focus is on
containing spending on the extensive welfare system and planning for the
time when petroleum reserves are depleted. In referenda held in 1972 and
1994, Norway rejected joining the EU. |
|
Location: |
Northern Europe, bordering the
North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Sweden |
|
Geographic coordinates: |
62 00 N, 10 00 E |
|
Map references: |
Europe |
|
Area: |
total: 323,802 sq km
land: 307,442 sq km
water: 16,360 sq km |
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly larger than New Mexico
|
|
Land boundaries: |
total: 2,542 km
border countries: Finland 727 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 196
km |
|
Coastline: |
25,148 km (includes mainland
2,650 km, as well as long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor
indentations 22,498 km; length of island coastlines 58,133 km) |
|
Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 10 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200
nm
continental shelf: 200 nm |
|
Climate: |
temperate along coast, modified
by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation
and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast |
|
Terrain: |
glaciated; mostly high plateaus
and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains;
coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north |
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Norwegian
Sea 0 m
highest point: Galdhopiggen 2,469 m |
|
Natural resources: |
petroleum, natural gas, iron
ore, copper, lead, zinc, titanium, pyrites, nickel, fish, timber,
hydropower |
|
Land use: |
arable land: 2.7%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 97.3% (2005) |
|
Irrigated land: |
1,270 sq km (2003) |
|
Total renewable water resources: |
381.4 cu km (2005) |
|
Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural): |
Total: 2.4 cu km/yr
(23%/67%/10%)
Per capita: 519 cu m/yr (1996) |
|
Natural hazards: |
rockslides, avalanches |
|
Environment - current issues: |
water pollution; acid rain
damaging forests and adversely affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks;
air pollution from vehicle emissions |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Air Pollution,
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
|
Geography - note: |
about two-thirds mountains;
some 50,000 islands off its much indented coastline; strategic location
adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged
and longest coastlines in the world |
|
Population: |
4,627,926 (July 2007 est.)
|
|
Age structure: |
0-14 years: 19% (male
450,612/female 430,126)
15-64 years: 66.1% (male
1,552,473/female 1,507,638)
65 years and over: 14.8% (male
291,659/female 395,418) (2007 est.) |
|
Median age: |
total: 38.7 years
male: 37.9 years
female: 39.6 years (2007 est.)
|
|
Population growth rate: |
0.363% (2007 est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
11.27 births/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Death rate: |
9.37 deaths/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Net migration rate: |
1.72 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2007 est.) |
|
Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.048 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.738 male(s)/female
total population: 0.984 male(s)/female
(2007 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
total: 3.64 deaths/1,000
live births
male: 3.99 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 79.67
years
male: 77.04 years
female: 82.46 years (2007
est.) |
|
Total fertility rate: |
1.78 children born/woman (2007
est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.1% (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
2,100 (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
less than 100 (2003 est.)
|
|
Nationality: |
noun: Norwegian(s)
adjective: Norwegian |
|
Ethnic groups: |
Norwegian, Sami 20,000 |
|
Religions: |
Church of Norway 85.7%,
Pentecostal 1%, Roman Catholic 1%, other Christian 2.4%, Muslim 1.8%,
other 8.1% (2004) |
|
Languages: |
Bokmal Norwegian (official),
Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities;
note - Sami is official in six municipalities |
|
Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 100%
male:
100%
female: 100% |
|
Country name: |
conventional long form:
Kingdom of Norway
conventional short form: Norway
local
long form: Kongeriket Norge
local short form: Norge |
|
Government type: |
constitutional monarchy |
|
Capital: |
name: Oslo
geographic coordinates: 59 55 N, 10 45 E
time
difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March;
ends last Sunday in October |
|
Administrative divisions: |
19 counties (fylker, singular -
fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More
og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland,
Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold
|
|
Dependent areas: |
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen,
Svalbard |
|
Independence: |
7 June 1905 (Norway declared
the union with Sweden dissolved); 26 October 1905 (Sweden agreed to the
repeal of the union) |
|
National holiday: |
Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)
|
|
Constitution: |
17 May 1814; amended many times
|
|
Legal system: |
mixture of customary law, civil
law system, and common law traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory
opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
with reservations |
|
Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
|
|
Executive branch: |
chief of state: King
HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON
MAGNUS, son of the monarch (born 20 July 1973)
head of
government: Prime Minister Jens STOLTENBERG (since 17 October 2005)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the monarch with the
approval of parliament
elections: none; the monarch is
hereditary; following parliamentary elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime
minister by the monarch with the approval of the parliament |
|
Legislative branch: |
modified unicameral Parliament
or Storting (169 seats; members are elected by popular vote by
proportional representation to serve four-year terms); note - in 2009 the
number of seats will change to 165
elections: last held 12
September 2005 (next to be held in September 2009)
election
results: percent of vote by party - Labor Party 32.7%, Progress Party
22.1%, Conservative Party 14.1%, Socialist Left Party 8.8%, Christian
People's Party 6.8%, Center Party 6.5%, Liberal Party 5.9%, other 3.1%;
seats by party - Labor Party 61, Progress Party 38, Conservative Party 23,
Socialist Left Party 15, Christian People's Party 11, Center Party 11,
Liberal Party 10
note: for certain purposes, the parliament
divides itself into two chambers and elects one-fourth of its membership
in the Lagting and three-fourths of its membership in the Odelsting |
|
Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court or Hoyesterett
(justices appointed by the monarch) |
|
Political parties and leaders: |
Center Party [Aslaug Marie
HAGA]; Christian People's Party [Dagfinn HOYBRATEN]; Conservative Party
[Erna SOLBERG]; Labor Party [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party [Lars
SPONHEIM]; Progress Party [Siv JENSEN]; Socialist Left Party [Kristin
HALVORSEN] |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
|
International organization participation: |
ADB (nonregional members),
AfDB, Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD,
EFTA, ESA, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO,
ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer),
OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU
(associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Wegger C. STROMMEN
chancery: 2720 34th Street NW,
Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 333-6000
FAX: [1] (202) 337-0870
consulate(s) general:
Houston, Minneapolis (may be closed in 2008), New York, San Francisco
|
|
Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Benson K. WHITNEY
embassy: Henrik Ibsens gate 48,
0244 Oslo; note - the embassy will move to Huseby in the near future
mailing address: PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707
telephone: [47] (22) 44 85 50
FAX: [47] (22) 44 33
63, 56 27 51 |
|
Flag description: |
red with a blue cross outlined
in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the
cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish
flag) |
|
Economy - overview: |
The Norwegian economy is a
prosperous bastion of welfare capitalism, featuring a combination of free
market activity and government intervention. The government controls key
areas, such as the vital petroleum sector, through large-scale state
enterprises. The country is richly endowed with natural resources -
petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly
dependent on its oil production and international oil prices, with oil and
gas accounting for one-third of exports. Only Saudi Arabia and Russia
export more oil than Norway. Norway opted to stay out of the EU during a
referendum in November 1994; nonetheless, as a member of the European
Economic Area, it contributes sizably to the EU budget. The government has
moved ahead with privatization. Although Norwegian oil production peaked
in 2000, natural gas production is still rising. Norwegians realize that
once their gas production peaks they will eventually face declining oil
and gas revenues; accordingly, Norway has been saving its
oil-and-gas-boosted budget surpluses in a Government Petroleum Fund, which
is invested abroad and now is valued at more than $250 billion. After
lackluster growth of less than 1% in 2002-03, GDP growth picked up to 3-5%
in 2004-07, partly due to higher oil prices. Norway's economy remains
buoyant. Domestic economic activity is, and will continue to be, the main
driver of growth, supported by high consumer confidence and strong
investment spending in the offshore oil and gas sector. Norway's record
high budget surplus and upswing in the labor market in 2007 highlight the
strength of its economic position going into 2008. |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$257.4 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate): |
$284 billion (2007 est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
4.9% (2007 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$55,600 (2007 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 2.4%
industry: 42.9%
services: 54.7% (2007 est.) |
|
Labor force: |
2.5 million (2007 est.) |
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture: 4%
industry: 22%
services: 74% (1995) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
2.4% (2007 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
NA% |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 23.4% (2000) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
28 (2005) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
0.4% (2007 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed): |
19.2% of GDP (2007 est.) |
|
Budget: |
revenues: $232.3 billion
expenditures: $158.4 billion (2007 est.) |
|
Public debt: |
39.1% of GDP (2007 est.) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
barley, wheat, potatoes; pork,
beef, veal, milk; fish |
|
Industries: |
petroleum and gas, food
processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals,
timber, mining, textiles, fishing |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
1% (2007 est.) |
|
Electricity - production: |
135.8 billion kWh (2005) |
|
Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 0.4%
hydro: 99.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.4%
(2001) |
|
Electricity - consumption: |
113.9 billion kWh (2005) |
|
Electricity - exports: |
15.7 billion kWh (2005) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
3.652 billion kWh (2005) |
|
Oil - production: |
2.978 million bbl/day (2005
est.) |
|
Oil - consumption: |
228,400 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|
|
Oil - exports: |
3.018 million bbl/day (2004)
|
|
Oil - imports: |
91,930 bbl/day (2004) |
|
Oil - proved reserves: |
7.705 billion bbl (1 January
2006 est.) |
|
Natural gas - production: |
83.44 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption: |
5.342 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports: |
78.1 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - imports: |
0 cu m (2005) |
|
Natural gas - proved reserves: |
2.288 trillion cu m (1 January
2006 est.) |
|
Current account balance: |
$55.82 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports: |
$136.1 billion f.o.b. (2007
est.) |
|
Exports - commodities: |
petroleum and petroleum
products, machinery and equipment, metals, chemicals, ships, fish |
|
Exports - partners: |
UK 26.8%, Germany 12.3%,
Netherlands 10.3%, France 8.2%, Sweden 6.4%, US 5.7% (2006) |
|
Imports: |
$75.98 billion f.o.b. (2007
est.) |
|
Imports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment,
chemicals, metals, foodstuffs |
|
Imports - partners: |
Sweden 15%, Germany 13.5%,
Denmark 6.9%, UK 6.4%, China 5.7%, US 5.3%, Netherlands 4.1% (2006) |
|
Economic aid - donor: |
ODA, $1.4 billion (1998) |
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$56.84 billion (2006 est.)
|
|
Debt - external: |
$469.1 billion; note - Norway
is a net external creditor (30 June 2007) |
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |
$56.7 billion (2006 est.)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |
$104.7 billion (2006 est.)
|
|
Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$191 billion (2005) |
|
Currency (code): |
Norwegian krone (NOK) |
|
Currency code: |
NOK |
|
Exchange rates: |
Norwegian kroner per US dollar
- 5.8396 (2007), 6.4117 (2006), 6.4425 (2005), 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802
(2003) |
|
Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
2.055 million (2006) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
5.041 million (2006) |
|
Telephone system: |
general assessment:
modern in all respects; one of the most advanced telecommunications
networks in Europe
domestic: Norway has a domestic satellite
system; moreover, the prevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of
cellular mobile systems instead of fixed-wire systems
international: country code - 47; 2 buried coaxial cable
systems; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and
Europe; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway
shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries
(Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (1999) |
|
Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 5, FM at least 650,
shortwave 1 (1998) |
|
Radios: |
4.03 million (1997) |
|
Television broadcast stations: |
360 (plus 2,729 repeaters)
(1995) |
|
Televisions: |
2.03 million (1997) |
|
Internet country code: |
.no |
|
Internet hosts: |
2.084 million (2007) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
13 (2000) |
|
Internet users: |
4.074 million (2006)
|
|
Airports: |
98 (2007) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 67
over
3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 12
1,524 to 2,437
m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 29 (2007)
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 31
914 to
1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 25 (2007) |
|
Heliports: |
1 (2007) |
|
Pipelines: |
condensate 508 km; gas 6,529
km; oil 2,444 km; oil/gas/water 457 km (2007) |
|
Railways: |
total: 4,043 km
standard gauge: 4,043 km 1.435-m gauge (2,509 km electrified)
(2006) |
|
Roadways: |
total: 92,513 km
paved: 71,832 km (includes 664 km of expressways)
unpaved: 20,681 km (2005) |
|
Waterways: |
1,577 km (2007) |
|
Merchant marine: |
total: 715 ships (1000
GRT or over) 16,511,659 GRT/22,299,832 DWT
by type: bulk
carrier 49, cargo 151, carrier 1, chemical tanker 146, combination ore/oil
12, container 5, liquefied gas 72, passenger/cargo 122, petroleum tanker
79, refrigerated cargo 12, roll on/roll off 16, specialized tanker 1,
vehicle carrier 49
foreign-owned: 174 (China 47, Cyprus 2,
Denmark 26, Estonia 1, Finland 1, France 3, Germany 2, Greece 6, Hong Kong
5, Iceland 3, Italy 4, Japan 1, Lithuania 1, Monaco 5, Netherlands 1,
Poland 3, Saudi Arabia 3, Singapore 1, Sweden 31, UAE 1, UK 9, US 18)
registered in other countries: 872 (Antigua and Barbuda 7,
Australia 1, Bahamas 232, Barbados 35, Belize 3, Bermuda 5, Brazil 1,
Canada 1, Cayman Islands 2, China 1, Comoros 1, Cook Islands 1, Cyprus 17,
Denmark 1, Dominica 1, Estonia 2, Faroe Islands 4, Finland 1, France 17,
Gibraltar 27, Hong Kong 30, Isle of Man 33, Liberia 42, Libya 1, Malta 71,
Marshall Islands 62, Mexico 1, Netherlands 9, Netherlands Antilles 5,
Nigeria 1, Panama 60, Philippines 2, Portugal 3, Singapore 125, Spain 6,
St Vincent and The Grenadines 19, Sweden 5, UK 33, US 4, unknown 2) (2007)
|
|
Ports and terminals: |
Bergen, Borg Havn, Haugesund,
Maaloy, Mongstad, Narvik, Oslo, Sture |
|
Military branches: |
Norwegian Army (Haeren), Royal
Norwegian Navy (Kongelige Norske Sjoeforsvaret, RNoN; includes Coastal
Rangers and Coast Guard (Kystvakt)), Royal Norwegian Air Force (Kongelige
Norske Luftforsvaret, RNoAF), Home Guard (Heimevernet, HV) (2006) |
|
Military service age and obligation: |
18-44 years of age for male
compulsory military service; 16 years of age in wartime; 17 years of age
for male volunteers; 18 years of age for women; 12-month service
obligation, in practice shortened to 8 to 9 months; although all males
between ages of 18 and 44 are liable for service, in practice they are
seldom called to duty after age 30; reserve obligation to age 35-60; 16
years of age for volunteers to the Home Guard, who serve 6-month duty
tours (2006) |
|
Manpower available for military service: |
males age 18-49:
1,014,592
females age 18-49: 982,734 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 18-49: 827,016
females age 18-49: 801,358 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower reaching military service age annually: |
males age 18-49: 29,179
females age 18-49: 28,023 (2005 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.9% (2005 est.)
|
|
Disputes - international: |
Norway asserts a territorial
claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf); despite
dialogue, Russia and Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in
the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial
limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone |
This page was last updated on 12 February, 2008
|