|
Background: |
In 1951, the Nepalese monarch
ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted
a cabinet system of government. Reforms in 1990 established a multiparty
democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. A Maoist
insurgency, launched in 1996, gained traction and threatened to bring down
the regime, especially after a negotiated cease-fire between the Maoists
and government forces broke down in August 2003. In 2001, the crown prince
massacred ten members of the royal family, including the king and queen,
and then took his own life. In October 2002, the new king dismissed the
prime minister and his cabinet for "incompetence" after they dissolved the
parliament and were subsequently unable to hold elections because of the
ongoing insurgency. While stopping short of reestablishing parliament, the
king in June 2004 reinstated the most recently elected prime minister who
formed a four-party coalition government. Citing dissatisfaction with the
government's lack of progress in addressing the Maoist insurgency and
corruption, the king in February 2005 dissolved the government, declared a
state of emergency, imprisoned party leaders, and assumed power. The
king's government subsequently released party leaders and officially ended
the state of emergency in May 2005, but the monarch retained absolute
power until April 2006. After nearly three weeks of mass protests
organized by the seven-party opposition and the Maoists, the king allowed
parliament to reconvene in April 2006. Following a November 2006 peace
accord between the government and the Maoists, an interim constitution was
promulgated and the Maoists were allowed to enter parliament in January
2007. The peace accord calls for the creation of a Constituent Assembly to
draft a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly elections, originally
planned for June 2007 have been postponed indefinitely. |
|
Location: |
Southern Asia, between China
and India |
|
Geographic coordinates: |
28 00 N, 84 00 E |
|
Map references: |
Asia |
|
Area: |
total: 147,181 sq km
land: 143,181 sq km
water: 4,000 sq km |
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly larger than Arkansas
|
|
Land boundaries: |
total: 2,926 km
border countries: China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km |
|
Coastline: |
0 km (landlocked) |
|
Maritime claims: |
none (landlocked) |
|
Climate: |
varies from cool summers and
severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south
|
|
Terrain: |
Tarai or flat river plain of
the Ganges in south, central hill region, rugged Himalayas in north |
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Kanchan
Kalan 70 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m |
|
Natural resources: |
quartz, water, timber,
hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron
ore |
|
Land use: |
arable land: 16.07%
permanent crops: 0.85%
other: 83.08% (2005) |
|
Irrigated land: |
11,700 sq km (2003) |
|
Total renewable water resources: |
210.2 cu km (1999) |
|
Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural): |
Total: 10.18 cu km/yr
(3%/1%/96%)
Per capita: 375 cu m/yr (2000) |
|
Natural hazards: |
severe thunderstorms, flooding,
landslides, drought, and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and
duration of the summer monsoons |
|
Environment - current issues: |
deforestation (overuse of wood
for fuel and lack of alternatives); contaminated water (with human and
animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife
conservation; vehicular emissions |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not
ratified: Marine Life Conservation |
|
Geography - note: |
landlocked; strategic location
between China and India; contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks,
including Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga - the world's tallest and third
tallest - on the borders with China and India respectively |
|
Population: |
28,901,790 (July 2007 est.)
|
|
Age structure: |
0-14 years: 38.3% (male
5,721,720/female 5,360,391)
15-64 years: 57.9% (male
8,597,037/female 8,134,115)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male
528,113/female 560,414) (2007 est.) |
|
Median age: |
total: 20.5 years
male: 20.3 years
female: 20.6 years (2007 est.)
|
|
Population growth rate: |
2.132% (2007 est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
30.46 births/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Death rate: |
9.14 deaths/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Net migration rate: |
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.067 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.057 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.942 male(s)/female
total population: 1.056 male(s)/female
(2007 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
total: 63.66
deaths/1,000 live births
male: 61.87 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 65.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 60.56
years
male: 60.78 years
female: 60.33 years (2007
est.) |
|
Total fertility rate: |
4.01 children born/woman (2007
est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.5% (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
61,000 (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
3,100 (2003 est.) |
|
Nationality: |
noun: Nepalese (singular
and plural)
adjective: Nepalese |
|
Ethnic groups: |
Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill
12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami
3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other 32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census) |
|
Religions: |
Hindu 80.6%, Buddhist 10.7%,
Muslim 4.2%, Kirant 3.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census)
note: only
official Hindu state in the world |
|
Languages: |
Nepali 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%,
Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar
3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census)
note: many in government and business also speak English (2001
est.) |
|
Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 48.6%
male: 62.7%
female: 34.9% (2001 census)
|
|
Country name: |
conventional long and short
form: Nepal
local long and short form: Nepal |
|
Government type: |
constitutional monarchy |
|
Capital: |
name: Kathmandu
geographic coordinates: 27 43 N, 85 19 E
time
difference: UTC+5.75 (10.75 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time) |
|
Administrative divisions: |
14 zones (anchal, singular and
plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi,
Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti |
|
Independence: |
1768 (unified by Prithvi
Narayan SHAH) |
|
National holiday: |
in 2006, Parliament abolished
the birthday of King GYANENDRA (7 July) and Constitution Day (9 November)
as national holidays |
|
Constitution: |
9 November 1990; note - a new
interim constitution was promulgated in January 2007; the November 2006
peace agreement calls for the election of a constituent assembly to draft
a new permanent constitution |
|
Legal system: |
based on Hindu legal concepts
and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
|
|
Executive branch: |
chief of state: Girija
Prasad KOIRALA (since 30 April 2006)
head of government: Prime
Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 30 April 2006)
cabinet:
Cabinet historically appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the
prime minister; note - the prime minister selected the Cabinet in May 2006
in consultation with the political parties
elections: following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a
majority coalition historically has been appointed prime minister by the
monarch |
|
Legislative branch: |
a 330 seat Interim Parliament
was formed on 15 January 2007 following the promulgation of an interim
constitution
elections: Constituent Assembly elections
orginally scheduled for June 2007 are expected to be held on 10 April 2008
election results: Interim Parliament seats by party - NC 85,
CPN/M 83, CPN/UML 83, NC/D 48, RPP 9, NSP/AD 5, NWPP 4, People's Front
Nepal (Amik Sherchan Group) 4, People's Front Nepal (Chitra Bahadur K.C.
Group) 3, UFL 3, People's Front Nepal (Chitra Bahadur Ale Group) 2, NSP 1
|
|
Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court or Sarbochha
Adalat (chief justice is appointed by the monarch on recommendation of the
Constitutional Council; the other judges are appointed by the monarch on
the recommendation of the Judicial Council) |
|
Political parties and leaders: |
Communist Party of Nepal/United
Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML [Madhav Kumar NEPAL]; National Democratic
Party or NDP [Pashupati Shumsher RANA] (also called Rastriya Prajantra
Party or RPP); Nepal Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party or NSP - Mandal [Bhadri
Prasad MANDAL]; Nepal Sadbhavana Party - Ananda Devi [Ananda DEVI]; Nepal
Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE]; People's Front
Nepal (Amik Sherchan Group); People's Front Nepal (Chitra Bahadur Ale
Group); People's Front Nepal (Chitra Bahadur K.C. Group); Rastriya
Janashakti Party or RJP [Surya Bahadur THAPA] (split from RPP in March
2005); Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal (merged with People's Front Nepal or PFN
in 2002); United Leftist Front or UFL [C.P. MAINALI] |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders: |
Maoist guerrilla-based
insurgency [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL, also known as PRACHANDA, chairman; Dr.
Baburam BHATTARAI]; numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the
capital; several small, radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups |
|
International organization participation: |
ADB, BIMSTEC, CP, FAO, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINUSTAH,
MONUC, NAM, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL,
UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Suresh Chandra CHALISE
chancery: 2131 Leroy Place
NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 667-4550
FAX: [1] (202) 667-5534
consulate(s) general:
New York: |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Nancy J. POWELL
embassy: Maharajgunj, Kathmandu
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [977] (1) 400-7200
FAX: [977] (1)
400-7272 |
|
Flag description: |
red with a blue border around
the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper
triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle bears
a white 12-pointed sun |
|
Economy - overview: |
Nepal is among the poorest and
least developed countries in the world with almost one-third of its
population living below the poverty line. Agriculture is the mainstay of
the economy, providing a livelihood for three-fourths of the population
and accounting for 38% of GDP. Industrial activity mainly involves the
processing of agricultural produce including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and
grain. Security concerns relating to the Maoist conflict have led to a
decrease in tourism, a key source of foreign exchange. Nepal has
considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower and tourism,
areas of recent foreign investment interest. Prospects for foreign trade
or investment in other sectors will remain poor, however, because of the
small size of the economy, its technological backwardness, its remoteness,
its landlocked geographic location, its civil strife, and its
susceptibility to natural disaster. |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$30.66 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate): |
$7.323 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
2.5% (2007 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$1,100 (2007 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 38%
industry: 20%
services: 42% (FY05/06 est.) |
|
Labor force: |
11.11 million
note:
severe lack of skilled labor (2006 est.) |
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture: 76%
industry: 6%
services: 18% (2004 est.) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
42% (2004 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
30.9% (2004) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 40.6% (2004) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
47.2 (2004) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
8.6% (November 2006 est.)
|
|
Budget: |
revenues: $1.153 billion
expenditures: $1.927 billion (FY06/07) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane,
jute, root crops; milk, water buffalo meat |
|
Industries: |
tourism, carpet, textile; small
rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarettes, cement and brick
production |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
2.2% (FY05/06) |
|
Electricity - production: |
2.511 billion kWh (2006) |
|
Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 8.5%
hydro: 91.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
|
|
Electricity - consumption: |
1.96 billion kWh (2006) |
|
Electricity - exports: |
101 million kWh (2006) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
266 million kWh (2006) |
|
Oil - production: |
0 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
|
Oil - consumption: |
11,550 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|
|
Oil - exports: |
0 bbl/day (2004) |
|
Oil - imports: |
11,530 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|
|
Oil - proved reserves: |
0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - production: |
0 cu m (2005 est.) |
|
Natural gas - consumption: |
0 cu m (2005 est.) |
|
Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2005 est.) |
|
Natural gas - imports: |
0 cu m (2005) |
|
Natural gas - proved reserves: |
0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
|
|
Exports: |
$830 million f.o.b.; note -
does not include unrecorded border trade with India (2006) |
|
Exports - commodities: |
carpets, clothing, leather
goods, jute goods, grain |
|
Exports - partners: |
India 67.9%, US 11.7%, Germany
4.7% (2006) |
|
Imports: |
$2.398 billion f.o.b. (2006)
|
|
Imports - commodities: |
gold, machinery and equipment,
petroleum products, fertilizer |
|
Imports - partners: |
India 61.8%, China 3.8%,
Indonesia 3.3% (2006) |
|
Economic aid - recipient: |
$427.9 million (2005) |
|
Debt - external: |
$3.07 billion (March 2006)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |
$NA |
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |
$NA |
|
Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$963.5 million (2005) |
|
Currency (code): |
Nepalese rupee (NPR) |
|
Currency code: |
NPR |
|
Exchange rates: |
Nepalese rupees per US dollar -
NA (2007), 72.446 (2006), 72.16 (2005), 73.674 (2004), 76.141 (2003)
|
|
Fiscal year: |
16 July - 15 July
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
595,800 (2006) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
1.042 million (2006) |
|
Telephone system: |
general assessment: poor
telephone and telegraph service; fair radiotelephone communication service
and mobile cellular telephone network
domestic: NA
international: country code - 977; radiotelephone
communications; microwave landline to India; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Indian Ocean) |
|
Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (2000)
|
|
Radios: |
840,000 (1997) |
|
Television broadcast stations: |
1 (plus 9 repeaters) (1998)
|
|
Televisions: |
130,000 (1997) |
|
Internet country code: |
.np |
|
Internet hosts: |
18,733 (2007) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
6 (2000) |
|
Internet users: |
249,400 (2006) |
|
Airports: |
47 (2007) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 10
over
3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 1
(2007) |
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 37
1,524
to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 30
(2007) |
|
Railways: |
total: 59 km
narrow gauge: 59 km 0.762-m gauge (2006) |
|
Roadways: |
total: 17,380 km
paved: 9,886 km
unpaved: 7,494 km (2004)
|
|
Military branches: |
Royal Nepalese Army (includes
Royal Nepalese Army Air Service); Nepalese Police Force |
|
Military service age and obligation: |
18 years of age for voluntary
military service (2001) |
|
Manpower available for military service: |
males age 18-49:
6,107,091
females age 18-49: 5,744,989 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 18-49: 4.193
million
females age 18-49: 3,853,102 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower reaching military service age annually: |
males age 18-49: 308,031
females age 18-49: 286,604 (2005 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.6% (2006) |
|
Disputes - international: |
joint border commission
continues to work on contested sections of boundary with India, including
the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River;
India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of
Maoist insurgents and illegal cross-border activities; approximately
106,000 Bhutanese Lhotshampas (Hindus) have been confined in refugee camps
in southeastern Nepal since 1990 |
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons: |
refugees (country of
origin): 106,248 (Bhutan), 20,153 (Tibet/China)
IDPs:
100,000-200,000 (ongoing conflict between government forces and Maoist
rebels; displacement spread across the country) (2006) |
|
Illicit drugs: |
illicit producer of cannabis
and hashish for the domestic and international drug markets; transit point
for opiates from Southeast Asia to the West |
This page was last updated on 12 February, 2008
|