|
Background: |
The Italians supplanted the
Ottoman Turks from the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish
their hold until 1943 when defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to
UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969
military coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI began to espouse his own
political system, the Third Universal Theory. The system is a combination
of socialism and Islam derived in part from tribal practices and is
supposed to be implemented by the Libyan people themselves in a unique
form of "direct democracy." QADHAFI has always seen himself as a
revolutionary and visionary leader. He used oil funds during the 1970s and
1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversives and
terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. In
addition, beginning in 1973, he engaged in military operations in northern
Chad's Aozou Strip - to gain access to minerals and to use as a base of
influence in Chadian politics - but was forced to retreat in 1987. UN
sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically following the downing of
Pan AM Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. During the 1990s, QADHAFI
began to rebuild his relationships with Europe. UN sanctions were
suspended in April 1999 and finally lifted in September 2003 after Libya
accepted responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing. In December 2003, Libya
announced that it had agreed to reveal and end its programs to develop
weapons of mass destruction and to renounce terrorism, and QADHAFI has
made significant strides in normalizing relations with western nations
since then. He has received various Western European leaders as well as
many working-level and commercial delegations, and made his first trip to
Western Europe in 15 years when he traveled to Brussels in April 2004.
Libya has responded in good faith to legal cases brought against it in US
courts for terrorist acts that predate its renunciation of violence.
Claims for compensation in the Lockerbie bombing, LaBelle disco bombing,
and UTA 772 bombing cases are ongoing. The US rescinded Libya's
designation as a state sponsor of terrorism in June 2006. In late 2007,
Libya was elected by the General Assembly to a nonpermanent seat on the
United Nations Security Council for the 2008-2009 term. |
|
Location: |
Northern Africa, bordering the
Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia |
|
Geographic coordinates: |
25 00 N, 17 00 E |
|
Map references: |
Africa |
|
Area: |
total: 1,759,540 sq km
land: 1,759,540 sq km
water: 0 sq km |
|
Area - comparative: |
slightly larger than Alaska
|
|
Land boundaries: |
total: 4,348 km
border countries: Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,115
km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km |
|
Coastline: |
1,770 km |
|
Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north
exclusive fishing zone: 62 nm |
|
Climate: |
Mediterranean along coast; dry,
extreme desert interior |
|
Terrain: |
mostly barren, flat to
undulating plains, plateaus, depressions |
|
Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Sabkhat
Ghuzayyil -47 m
highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m |
|
Natural resources: |
petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
|
|
Land use: |
arable land: 1.03%
permanent crops: 0.19%
other: 98.78% (2005) |
|
Irrigated land: |
4,700 sq km (2003) |
|
Total renewable water resources: |
0.6 cu km (1997) |
|
Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural): |
Total: 4.27 cu km/yr
(14%/3%/83%)
Per capita: 730 cu m/yr (2000) |
|
Natural hazards: |
hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is
a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms,
sandstorms |
|
Environment - current issues: |
desertification; very limited
natural fresh water resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the
largest water development scheme in the world, is being built to bring
water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities |
|
Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
|
|
Geography - note: |
more than 90% of the country is
desert or semidesert |
|
Population: |
6,036,914
note:
includes 166,510 non-nationals (July 2007 est.) |
|
Age structure: |
0-14 years: 33.4% (male
1,029,096/female 985,606)
15-64 years: 62.4% (male
1,940,287/female 1,827,429)
65 years and over: 4.2% (male
124,892/female 129,604) (2007 est.) |
|
Median age: |
total: 23.3 years
male: 23.4 years
female: 23.2 years (2007 est.)
|
|
Population growth rate: |
2.262% (2007 est.) |
|
Birth rate: |
26.09 births/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Death rate: |
3.47 deaths/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Net migration rate: |
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
|
Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.044 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.062 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.964 male(s)/female
total population: 1.052 male(s)/female
(2007 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate: |
total: 22.82
deaths/1,000 live births
male: 25.07 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 20.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 76.88
years
male: 74.64 years
female: 79.23 years (2007
est.) |
|
Total fertility rate: |
3.21 children born/woman (2007
est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
0.3% (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
10,000 (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
NA |
|
Major infectious diseases: |
degree of risk:
intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: may be a
significant risk in some locations during the transmission season
(typically April through October) (2007) |
|
Nationality: |
noun: Libyan(s)
adjective: Libyan |
|
Ethnic groups: |
Berber and Arab 97%, other 3%
(includes Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks,
Indians, and Tunisians) |
|
Religions: |
Sunni Muslim 97%, other 3%
|
|
Languages: |
Arabic, Italian, English, all
are widely understood in the major cities |
|
Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 82.6%
male: 92.4%
female: 72% (2003 est.) |
|
Country name: |
conventional long form:
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
conventional short
form: Libya
local long form: Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al
Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishtirakiyah al Uzma
local short form:
none |
|
Government type: |
Jamahiriya (a state of the
masses) in theory, governed by the populace through local councils; in
practice, an authoritarian state |
|
Capital: |
name: Tripoli
geographic coordinates: 32 53 N, 13 10 E
time
difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard
Time) |
|
Administrative divisions: |
25 municipalities (baladiyat,
singular - baladiyah); Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al
Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati',
Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq,
Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan; note
- the 25 municipalities may have been replaced by 13 regions |
|
Independence: |
24 December 1951 (from UN
trusteeship) |
|
National holiday: |
Revolution Day, 1 September
(1969) |
|
Constitution: |
none; note - following the
September 1969 military overthrow of the Libyan government, the
Revolutionary Command Council replaced the existing constitution with the
Constitutional Proclamation in December 1969; in March 1977, Libya adopted
the Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority |
|
Legal system: |
based on Italian and French
civil law systems and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no
constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
|
Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal and
compulsory |
|
Executive branch: |
chief of state:
Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September
1969); note - holds no official title, but is de facto chief of state
head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee
(Prime Minister) al-Baghdadi Ali al-MAHMUDI (since 5 March 2006)
cabinet: General People's Committee established by the General
People's Congress
elections: national elections are indirect
through a hierarchy of people's committees; head of government elected by
the General People's Congress; election last held March 2006 (next to be
held NA)
election results: NA |
|
Legislative branch: |
unicameral General People's
Congress (approximately 2,700 seats; members elected indirectly through a
hierarchy of people's committees) |
|
Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court |
|
Political parties and leaders: |
none |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders: |
various Arab nationalist
movements with almost negligible memberships may be functioning
clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements; an anti-QADHAFI Libyan
exile movement exists, primarily based in London, but has little influence
|
|
International organization participation: |
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU,
AU, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS,
MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UN Security Council
(temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO (observer) |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ali Suleiman AUJALI
chancery: 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 705, Washington, DC
20037
telephone: [1] (202) 944-9601
FAX: [1] (202)
944-9060 |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad Interim J. Christopher Stevens
embassy: Corinthia Bab Africa Hotel, Souq At-Tlat Al-Qadim,
Tripoli
mailing address: US Embassy, 8850 Tripoli Place,
Washington, DC 20521-8850
telephone: [218] 21-335-1848 |
|
Flag description: |
plain green; green is the
traditional color of Islam (the state religion) |
|
Economy - overview: |
The Libyan economy depends
primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contribute about 95% of
export earnings, about one-quarter of GDP, and 60% of public sector wages.
Substantial revenues from the energy sector coupled with a small
population give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa, but
little of this income flows down to the lower orders of society. Libyan
officials in the past five years have made progress on economic reforms as
part of a broader campaign to reintegrate the country into the
international fold. This effort picked up steam after UN sanctions were
lifted in September 2003 and as Libya announced in December 2003 that it
would abandon programs to build weapons of mass destruction. Almost all US
unilateral sanctions against Libya were removed in April 2004, helping
Libya attract more foreign direct investment, mostly in the energy sector.
Libyan oil and gas licensing rounds continue to draw high international
interest; the National Oil Company set a goal of nearly doubling oil
production to 3 million bbl/day by 2015. Libya faces a long road ahead in
liberalizing the socialist-oriented economy, but initial steps - including
applying for WTO membership, reducing some subsidies, and announcing plans
for privatization - are laying the groundwork for a transition to a more
market-based economy. The non-oil manufacturing and construction sectors,
which account for more than 20% of GDP, have expanded from processing
mostly agricultural products to include the production of petrochemicals,
iron, steel, and aluminum. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely
limit agricultural output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food.
Libya's primary agricultural water source remains the Great Manmade River
Project, but significant resources are being invested in desalinization
research to meet growing water demands. |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$78.79 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate): |
$36.8 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP - real growth rate: |
5.4% (2007 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$13,100 (2007 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 2.1%
industry: 81.7%
services: 16.2% (2007 est.) |
|
Labor force: |
1.82 million (2007 est.) |
|
Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture: 17%
industry: 23%
services: 59% (2004 est.) |
|
Unemployment rate: |
30% (2004 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line: |
7.4% (2005 est.) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
3.3% (2007 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed): |
8.8% of GDP (2007 est.) |
|
Budget: |
revenues: $39.62 billion
expenditures: $19.51 billion (2007 est.) |
|
Public debt: |
4.8% of GDP (2007 est.) |
|
Agriculture - products: |
wheat, barley, olives, dates,
citrus, vegetables, peanuts, soybeans; cattle |
|
Industries: |
petroleum, iron and steel, food
processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement |
|
Industrial production growth rate: |
5.6% (2007 est.) |
|
Electricity - production: |
21.15 billion kWh (2005) |
|
Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
|
|
Electricity - consumption: |
18.18 billion kWh (2005) |
|
Electricity - exports: |
0 kWh (2005) |
|
Electricity - imports: |
0 kWh (2005) |
|
Oil - production: |
1.72 million bbl/day (2006
est.) |
|
Oil - consumption: |
266,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|
|
Oil - exports: |
1.326 million bbl/day (2004)
|
|
Oil - imports: |
1,233 bbl/day (2004) |
|
Oil - proved reserves: |
39.13 billion bbl (1 January
2006 est.) |
|
Natural gas - production: |
10.84 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption: |
5.591 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports: |
5.246 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - imports: |
0 cu m (2005) |
|
Natural gas - proved reserves: |
1.43 trillion cu m (1 January
2006 est.) |
|
Current account balance: |
$11.71 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports: |
$36.37 billion f.o.b. (2007
est.) |
|
Exports - commodities: |
crude oil, refined petroleum
products, natural gas, chemicals |
|
Exports - partners: |
Italy 37.1%, Germany 14.6%,
Spain 7.7%, US 6.1%, France 5.6%, Turkey 5.4% (2006) |
|
Imports: |
$15.35 billion f.o.b. (2007
est.) |
|
Imports - commodities: |
machinery, semi-finished goods,
food, transport equipment, consumer products |
|
Imports - partners: |
Italy 18.9%, Germany 7.8%,
China 7.6%, Tunisia 6.3%, France 5.8%, Turkey 5.3%, US 4.7%, South Korea
4.3%, UK 4% (2006) |
|
Economic aid - recipient: |
ODA, $24.44 million (2005 est.)
|
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$69.51 billion (31 December
2007 est.) |
|
Debt - external: |
$4.837 billion (31 December
2007 est.) |
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |
$4.305 billion (2006 est.)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |
$2.163 billion (2006 est.)
|
|
Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$NA |
|
Currency (code): |
Libyan dinar (LYD) |
|
Currency code: |
LYD |
|
Exchange rates: |
Libyan dinars per US dollar -
1.2604 (2007), 1.3108 (2006), 1.3084 (2005), 1.305 (2004), 1.2929 (2003)
|
|
Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
|
Telephones - main lines in use: |
483,000 (2006) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular: |
3.928 million (2006) |
|
Telephone system: |
general assessment:
telecommunications system is being modernized; mobile cellular telephone
system became operational in 1996; combined fixed line and mobile
telephone density reached 75 telephones per 100 persons in 2006
domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular,
tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth
stations
international: country code - 218; satellite earth
stations - 4 Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables
to France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt;
tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (1999) |
|
Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 16, FM 3, shortwave 3 (2001)
|
|
Radios: |
1.35 million (1997) |
|
Television broadcast stations: |
12 (plus 1 repeater) (1999)
|
|
Televisions: |
730,000 (1997) |
|
Internet country code: |
.ly |
|
Internet hosts: |
24 (2007) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
1 (2002) |
|
Internet users: |
232,000 (2005) |
|
Airports: |
141 (2007) |
|
Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 60
over
3,047 m: 23
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437
m: 23
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 2 (2007)
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 81
over
3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m:
15
914 to 1,523 m: 41
under 914 m: 18 (2007) |
|
Heliports: |
2 (2007) |
|
Pipelines: |
condensate 882 km; gas 3,425
km; oil 6,956 km (2007) |
|
Railways: |
0 km
note: Libya is
working on seven lines totaling 2,757 km of 1.435-m gauge track; it hopes
to have trains running by 2008 (2006) |
|
Roadways: |
total: 83,200 km
paved: 47,590 km
unpaved: 35,610 km (1999) |
|
Merchant marine: |
total: 17 ships (1000
GRT or over) 67,200 GRT/85,931 DWT
by type: cargo 11, liquefied
gas 3, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 3
(Kuwait 1, Norway 1, Syria 1)
registered in other countries: 4
(Malta 3, Tunisia 1) (2007) |
|
Ports and terminals: |
As Sidrah, Az Zuwaytinah, Marsa
al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf, Tripoli, Zawiyah |
|
Military branches: |
Armed Peoples on Duty (APOD,
Army), Libyan Arab Navy, Libyan Arab Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya
al-Jamahiriya al-Arabia al-Libyya, LAAF) (2007) |
|
Military service age and obligation: |
17 years of age (2004) |
|
Manpower available for military service: |
males age 17-49:
1,505,675
females age 17-49: 1,429,152 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 17-49:
1,291,624
females age 17-49: 1,230,824 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower reaching military service age annually: |
males age 18-49: 62,034
females age 17-49: 59,533 (2005 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
3.9% (2005 est.)
|
|
Disputes - international: |
Libya has claimed more than
32,000 sq km in southeastern Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in the Tommo
region of Niger in a currently dormant dispute; various Chadian rebels
from the Aozou region reside in southern Libya |
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons: |
refugees (country of
origin): 8,873 (Palestinian Territories) (2006) |
|
Trafficking in persons: |
current situation: Libya
is a transit and destination country for men, women, and children from
sub-Saharan Africa and Asia trafficked for forced labor and sexual
exploitation; many victims willingly migrate to Libya en route to Europe
with the help of smugglers, but may be forced into prostitution or work as
laborers and beggars to pay off their $800-$1,200 smuggling debt; laborers
from Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia are reportedly trafficked to Libya for the
purpose of labor exploitation
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List -
Libya is placed on the Tier 2 Watch List for its lack of evidence of
increasing efforts to address trafficking since 2004 |
This page was last updated on 12 February, 2008
|