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Background: |
Only two autocratic presidents
have ruled Gabon since independence from France in 1960. The current
president of Gabon, El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba - one of the
longest-serving heads of state in the world - has dominated the country's
political scene for four decades. President BONGO introduced a nominal
multiparty system and a new constitution in the early 1990s. However,
allegations of electoral fraud during local elections in 2002-03 and the
presidential elections in 2005 have exposed the weaknesses of formal
political structures in Gabon. Gabon's political opposition remains weak,
divided, and financially dependent on the current regime. Despite
political conditions, a small population, abundant natural resources, and
considerable foreign support have helped make Gabon one of the more
prosperous and stable African countries. |
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Location: |
Western Africa, bordering the
Atlantic Ocean at the Equator, between Republic of the Congo and
Equatorial Guinea |
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Geographic coordinates: |
1 00 S, 11 45 E |
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Map references: |
Africa |
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Area: |
total: 267,667 sq km
land: 257,667 sq km
water: 10,000 sq km |
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Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than Colorado
|
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Land boundaries: |
total: 2,551 km
border countries: Cameroon 298 km, Republic of the Congo 1,903
km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km |
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Coastline: |
885 km |
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Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200
nm |
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Climate: |
tropical; always hot, humid
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Terrain: |
narrow coastal plain; hilly
interior; savanna in east and south |
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Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Atlantic
Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Iboundji 1,575 m |
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Natural resources: |
petroleum, natural gas,
diamond, niobium, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower
|
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Land use: |
arable land: 1.21%
permanent crops: 0.64%
other: 98.15% (2005) |
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Irrigated land: |
70 sq km (2003) |
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Total renewable water resources: |
164 cu km (1987) |
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Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural): |
Total: 0.12 cu km/yr
(50%/8%/42%)
Per capita: 87 cu m/yr (2000) |
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Natural hazards: |
NA |
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Environment - current issues: |
deforestation; poaching |
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Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|
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Geography - note: |
a small population and oil and
mineral reserves have helped Gabon become one of Africa's wealthier
countries; in general, these circumstances have allowed the country to
maintain and conserve its pristine rain forest and rich biodiversity
|
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Population: |
1,454,867
note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of
excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy,
higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth
rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than
would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.) |
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Age structure: |
0-14 years: 42.1% (male
307,444/female 305,468)
15-64 years: 53.9% (male 391,194/female
393,103)
65 years and over: 4% (male 23,978/female 33,680)
(2007 est.) |
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Median age: |
total: 18.6 years
male: 18.4 years
female: 18.8 years (2007 est.)
|
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Population growth rate: |
2.036% (2007 est.) |
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Birth rate: |
35.96 births/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
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Death rate: |
12.45 deaths/1,000 population
(2007 est.) |
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Net migration rate: |
-3.15 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2007 est.) |
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Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.03
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.006 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.995 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.712 male(s)/female
total population: 0.987 male(s)/female
(2007 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate: |
total: 53.65
deaths/1,000 live births
male: 62.53 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 44.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 53.99
years
male: 52.85 years
female: 55.17 years (2007
est.) |
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Total fertility rate: |
4.71 children born/woman (2007
est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
8.1% (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
48,000 (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
3,000 (2003 est.) |
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Major infectious diseases: |
degree of risk: very
high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis
A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2007) |
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Nationality: |
noun: Gabonese (singular
and plural)
adjective: Gabonese |
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Ethnic groups: |
Bantu tribes, including four
major tribal groupings (Fang, Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba); other Africans and
Europeans, 154,000, including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual
nationality |
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Religions: |
Christian 55%-75%, animist,
Muslim less than 1% |
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Languages: |
French (official), Fang, Myene,
Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi |
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Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and
over can read and write
total population: 63.2%
male: 73.7%
female: 53.3% (1995 est.)
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Country name: |
conventional long form:
Gabonese Republic
conventional short form: Gabon
local
long form: Republique gabonaise
local short form: Gabon
|
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Government type: |
republic; multiparty
presidential regime |
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Capital: |
name: Libreville
geographic coordinates: 0 23 N, 9 27 E
time
difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard
Time) |
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Administrative divisions: |
9 provinces; Estuaire,
Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo,
Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem |
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Independence: |
17 August 1960 (from France)
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National holiday: |
Independence Day, 17 August
(1960) |
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Constitution: |
adopted 14 March 1991 |
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Legal system: |
based on French civil law
system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in
Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage: |
21 years of age; universal
|
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Executive branch: |
chief of state:
President El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba (since 2 December 1967)
head
of government: Prime Minister Jean Eyeghe NDONG (since 20 January
2006)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime
minister in consultation with the president
elections:
president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (no term limits);
election last held 27 November 2005 (next to be held in 2012); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: President
El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba reelected; percent of vote - El Hadj Omar BONGO
Ondimba 79.2%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU 13.6%, Zacharie MYBOTO 6.6% |
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Legislative branch: |
bicameral legislature consists
of the Senate (91 seats; members elected by members of municipal councils
and departmental assemblies to serve six-year terms) and the National
Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats; members are elected by direct,
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last
held 26 January and 9 February 2003 (next to be held by January 2009);
National Assembly - last held 17 and 24 December 2006 (next to be held in
December 2011)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by
party - NA; seats by party - PDG 53, RNB 20, PGP 4, ADERE 3, RDP 1, CLR 1,
independents 9; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats
by party - PDG 82, RPG 8, UPG 8, UGDD 4, ADERE 3, CLR 2, PGP-Ndaot 2, PSD
2, independents 4, others 5 |
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Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
consisting of three chambers - Judicial, Administrative, and Accounts;
Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal; Court of State Security; County
Courts |
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Political parties and leaders: |
Circle of Liberal Reformers or
CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE]; Congress for Democracy and Justice or
CDJ [Jules Aristide Bourdes OGOULIGUENDE]; Democratic and Republican
Alliance or ADERE [Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party
or PDG (former sole party) [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA]; Gabonese Party for
Progress or PGP [Benoit Mouity NZAMBA]; Gabonese Union for Democracy and
Development or UGDD [Zacherie MYBOTO]; National Rally of Woodcutters or
RNB; National Rally of Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon or RNB-RPG (Bucherons)
[Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE]; Party of Development and Social Solidarity or
PDS [Seraphin Ndoat REMBOGO]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston
MAYILA]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU];
Union for Democracy and Social Integration or UDIS; Union of Gabonese
Patriots or UPG [Pierre MAMBOUNDOU] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
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International organization participation: |
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC,
CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO
(correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Jules Marius OGOUEBANDJA
chancery: Suite 200, 2034
20th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202)
797-1000
FAX: [1] (202) 332-0668
consulate(s): New
York |
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Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Eunice S. REDDICK
embassy: Boulevard du Bord de Mer,
Libreville
mailing address: Centre Ville, B. P. 4000,
Libreville
telephone: [241] 76 20 03 through 76 20 04, after
hours - 74 34 92
FAX: [241] 74 55 07 |
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Flag description: |
three equal horizontal bands of
green (top), yellow, and blue |
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Economy - overview: |
Gabon enjoys a per capita
income four times that of most of sub-Saharan African nations. but because
of high income inequality, a large proportion of the population remains
poor. Gabon depended on timber and manganese until oil was discovered
offshore in the early 1970s. The oil sector now accounts for 50% of GDP.
Gabon continues to face fluctuating prices for its oil, timber, and
manganese exports. Despite the abundance of natural wealth, poor fiscal
management hobbles the economy. The devaluation of the CFA franc - its
currency - by 50% in January 1994 sparked a one-time inflationary surge,
to 35%; the rate dropped to 6% in 1996. The IMF provided a one-year
standby arrangement in 1994-95, a three-year Enhanced Financing Facility
(EFF) at near commercial rates beginning in late 1995, and stand-by credit
of $119 million in October 2000. Those agreements mandated progress in
privatization and fiscal discipline. France provided additional financial
support in January 1997 after Gabon met IMF targets for mid-1996. In 1997,
an IMF mission to Gabon criticized the government for overspending on
off-budget items, overborrowing from the central bank, and slipping on its
schedule for privatization and administrative reform. The rebound of oil
prices since 1999 have helped growth, but drops in production have
hampered Gabon from fully realizing potential gains, and will continue to
temper the gains for most of this decade. In December 2000, Gabon signed a
new agreement with the Paris Club to reschedule its official debt. A
follow-up bilateral repayment agreement with the US was signed in December
2001. Gabon signed a 14-month Stand-By Arrangement with the IMF in May
2004, and received Paris Club debt rescheduling later that year.
Short-term progress depends on an upbeat world economy and fiscal and
other adjustments in line with IMF policies. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity): |
$20.09 billion (2007 est.)
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GDP (official exchange rate): |
$7.431 billion (2007 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate: |
4.5% (2007 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP): |
$13,800 (2007 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 5.8%
industry: 58.8%
services: 35.5% (2007 est.) |
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Labor force: |
582,000 (2007 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture: 60%
industry: 15%
services: 25% |
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Unemployment rate: |
21% (2006 est.) |
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Population below poverty line: |
NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share: |
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
5% (2007 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed): |
24% of GDP (2007 est.) |
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Budget: |
revenues: $3.353 billion
expenditures: $2.283 billion (2007 est.) |
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Public debt: |
37.9% of GDP (2007 est.) |
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Agriculture - products: |
cocoa, coffee, sugar, palm oil,
rubber; cattle; okoume (a tropical softwood); fish |
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Industries: |
petroleum extraction and
refining; manganese, gold; chemicals, ship repair, food and beverages,
textiles, lumbering and plywood, cement |
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Industrial production growth rate: |
5% (2007 est.) |
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Electricity - production: |
1.52 billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - production by source: |
fossil fuel: 34.5%
hydro: 65.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption: |
1.241 billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - exports: |
0 kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - imports: |
0 kWh (2005) |
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Oil - production: |
266,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
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Oil - consumption: |
13,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
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Oil - exports: |
228,000 bbl/day (2004) |
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Oil - imports: |
2,436 bbl/day (2004) |
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Oil - proved reserves: |
2.499 billion bbl (1 January
2006 est.) |
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Natural gas - production: |
95.91 million cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption: |
95.91 million cu m (2005 est.)
|
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Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2005 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports: |
0 cu m (2005) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves: |
32.59 billion cu m (1 January
2006 est.) |
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Current account balance: |
$1.626 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports: |
$6.856 billion f.o.b. (2007
est.) |
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Exports - commodities: |
crude oil 77%, timber,
manganese, uranium (2001) |
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Exports - partners: |
US 27.6%, China 15.9%, France
7.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 5.4%, Thailand 4.3% (2006) |
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Imports: |
$1.951 billion f.o.b. (2007
est.) |
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Imports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment,
foodstuffs, chemicals, construction materials |
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Imports - partners: |
France 35.3%, US 7.7%,
Netherlands 5.6%, Cameroon 4.5%, Belgium 4.4% (2006) |
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Economic aid - recipient: |
$53.87 million (2005) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$1.459 billion (31 December
2007 est.) |
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Debt - external: |
$3.579 billion (31 December
2007 est.) |
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Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$NA |
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Currency (code): |
Communaute Financiere Africaine
franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central
African States |
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Currency code: |
XAF |
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Exchange rates: |
Communaute Financiere Africaine
francs (XAF) per US dollar - 481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47 (2005),
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003) |
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Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
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Telephones - main lines in use: |
36,500 (2006) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular: |
764,700 (2006) |
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Telephone system: |
general assessment:
adequate service by African standards and improving with the help of a
growing mobile cell network system with three providers; mobile-cellular
subscribership exceeded 50 per 100 persons in 2006
domestic:
adequate system of cable, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter,
radiotelephone communication stations, and a domestic satellite system
with 12 earth stations
international: country code - 241;
landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides
connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean) |
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Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 6, FM 7 (plus 11 repeaters),
shortwave 4 (2001) |
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Radios: |
208,000 (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations: |
4 (plus 4 repeaters) (2001)
|
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Televisions: |
63,000 (1997) |
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Internet country code: |
.ga |
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Internet hosts: |
288 (2007) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs): |
1 (2001) |
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Internet users: |
81,000 (2006) |
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Airports: |
53 (2007) |
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Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 10
over
3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m:
7
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2007) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 43
1,524
to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 23
(2007) |
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Pipelines: |
gas 384 km; oil 1,427 km (2007)
|
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Railways: |
total: 814 km
standard gauge: 814 km 1.435-m gauge (2006) |
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Roadways: |
total: 9,170 km
paved: 937 km
unpaved: 8,233 km (2004) |
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Waterways: |
1,600 km (310 km on Ogooue
River) (2007) |
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Merchant marine: |
registered in other
countries: 2 (Cambodia 1, Panama 1) (2007) |
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Ports and terminals: |
Gamba, Libreville, Lucinda,
Port-Gentil |
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Military branches: |
Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Gendarmerie, National Police |
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Military service age and obligation: |
20 years of age for compulsory
and voluntary military service (2007) |
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Manpower available for military service: |
males age 18-49: 278,826
females age 18-49: 279,865 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 18-49: 159,198
females age 18-49: 156,122 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually: |
males age 18-49: 15,325
females age 18-49: 15,367 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
3.4% (2005 est.)
|
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Disputes - international: |
UN urges Equatorial Guinea and
Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island
and lesser islands and to establish a maritime boundary in
hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay |
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Refugees and internally displaced persons: |
refugees (country of
origin): 7,298 (Republic of Congo) (2006) |
This page was last updated on 12 February, 2008
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